Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb

Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb - Self-study

ASSIGNMENTS

Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy: 504-521, 607-645

Study Note: Bones of the Lower Limb
The study of the bones of the lower limb must be completed prior to beginning the dissection of the anterior thigh region. The outline that is provided lists the minimum features that are required for understanding of the muscles and soft tissues that will be studied in the future. You should use your disarticulated half skeleton to study the material outlined. An osseous review will be provided at the beginning of each dissection unit to help you focus on the features that are important for that day of dissection and to help you refresh your memory of these bony features.

Study Note: Bones of the Lower Limb

The study of the bones of the lower limb must be completed prior to beginning the dissection of the anterior thigh region. The outline that is provided lists the minimum features that are required for understanding of the muscles and soft tissues that will be studied in the future. You should use your disarticulated half skeleton to study the material outlined. An osseous review will be provided at the beginning of each dissection unit to help you focus on the features that are important for that day of dissection and to help you refresh your memory of these bony features.

BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB

For each bone you must be able to identify the features listed below.

Pelvis

Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Symphysis pubis
Ischiopubic ramus
- Pubic tubercle
Ischial tuberosity
Pecten pubis
Greater sciatic notch (foramen)
Lesser sciatic notch (foramen)
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
Posterior gluteal line
Anterior gluteal line
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal
Obturator foramen
Acetabulum

Femur

Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
- Trochanteric fossa
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line (on anterior surface)
Intertrochanteric crest (on posterior surface)
Gluteal tuberosity
Quadrate tubercle
Shaft or body
Condyles (lateral and medial)
Epicondyles (lateral and medial)
Linea aspera
- Medial lip
- Lateral lip
Pectineal line
Adductor tubercle
Patellar surface

Patella

Quadriceps femoris attachment
Ligamentum patellae attachment

Tibia

Tibial condyles (lateral and medial)
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Soleal line

Fibula

Head
Neck
Lateral malleolus

Tarsal bones
- Talus
- Calcaneus
  - Sustentaculum tali
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiform bones
  - Medial
  - Intermediate
  - Lateral
Metacarpals (5)
- Base (proximal end)
- Body
- Head (distal end)
Phalanges (14) each of which has a base, body and head
- Proximal
- Middle
- Distal

Study Note: Joints of the Lower Limb
The study of the joints of the lower limb does not need to be completed prior to beginning the dissection of the anterior and medial thigh. It is strongly suggested that you refer to this self-study outline and perform the exercise for each joint before coming to lab on the day that the region containing the joint is dissected (see schedule below).

SCHEDULE FOR COMPLETION OF THE JOINT SELF -STUDY UNITS
January 6	Hip joint
January 8	Knee joint
January 9	Tibiofibular articulations, ankle joint
January 12	Intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS) OF THE LOWER LIMB

For each articulation listed, be able to state the classification of the joint (plane, pivot, etc.) and the range of motion. Be able to identify the features listed and understand how the shapes of the bones involved and the ligaments that connect them control the range of motion.

Hip joint

Ball and socket synovial joint
Bones involved
- Head of femur
  - Fovea
- Acetabulum (formed by 3 bones)
  - Transverse acetabular ligament
  - Acetabular labrum
Ligaments that support the articular capsule
- Iliofemoral
- Pubofemoral
- Ischiofemoral
Ligaments within the joint capsule
- Ligamentum capitis femoris
  - Artery of ligamentum capitis femoris
Action - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Knee joint

Hinge synovial joint
Bones involved
- Femur
- Tibia
- Patella
Ligaments that support the articular capsule
- Patellar ligament
- Collateral ligaments
  - Tibial
  - Fibular
- Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
Intra-articular structures
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- Medial and lateral menisci
- Articular cartilage
- Synovial membrane
Action - flexion and extension

Plane synovial joint - proximally
Interosseous membrane (syndesmosis)
Tibiofibular syndesmosis - distally
Action - little or no movement is possible

Ankle joint

Hinge synovial joint
Bones involved
- Tibia (medial malleolus and distal end)
- Fibula (lateral malleolus)
- Talus (trochlea)
Ligaments that support the articular capsule
- Deltoid ligament (4 parts)
- Anterior talofibular ligament
- Calcaneofibular ligament
- Posterior talofibular ligament
Action - dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Relationships of arteries and nerves to the joint

Plane synovial joints
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
- Bones involved
  - Talus
  - Calcaneus
  - Navicular
- Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
- Action - Inversion and eversion
Calcaneocuboid joint
- Bones involved
  - Calcaneus
  - Cuboid
- Ligaments
  - Long plantar
  - Short plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid)
- Action - inversion and eversion

Tarsometatarsal joints

Plane synovial joints
Action - small gliding movements between tarsal bones and metatarsal bones

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Condyloid synovial joints
Ligaments that support the articular capsule
- Collateral ligaments
Action - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Interphalangeal joints

Hinge synovial joints
Ligaments that support the articular capsule
- Collateral ligaments
Action - flexion and extension

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Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb - Self-study

Study Note: Bones of the Lower Limb

Study Note: Joints of the Lower Limb

SCHEDULE FOR COMPLETION OF THE JOINT SELF -STUDY UNITS